Even after segregation ended, improvement in other areas was slow. Perhaps the most just charge to be made against them is that of timidity. Search the history of over 804 billion New York, NY: Bantam Books. Our Core Document Collection allows students to read history in the words of those who made it. Myrdal described the conditions of economic discrimination against blacks as self-perpetuating, arguing, the very fact that there is economic discrimination constitutes an added motive for every individual white group to maintain such discriminatory practices (Myrdal 1944, p. 381). There is no better example of the confusion and opportunism springing from this false assumption than the relation of American social science to the Negro problem. Wilson, W. J. For it is by making use of the positive contributions of such documents and rejecting their negative elements that democracy can be kept dynamic. Myrdal was correct in pointing to an American dilemma; however, he misconstrued this as a moral dilemma. The way out of this cycle, he argued, was to either reduce white prejudice, which would improve the circumstances of blacks, or to improve the circumstances of blacks, which would then reduce the reasons for white prejudice. New York, NY: Fawcett World Library. The military phase of the war will not, however, last forever. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Edit. During the era of Jim Crow racism in the South, several thousand African Americans were lynched. We use the term "exploitation" in both the positive and negative sense. Regardless of their long-range intentions, on the practical level they are guided not by humanism so much as by expediencies of power. This, we believe, sprang from their inheritance of the American Dilemma (which, incidentally disproves the red-baiters charge that left-wingers are alien). The dilemma has changed, but it has not receded. ^(p[F-y&j6cW1s+\` MHLj`"tv+. There is, however, a danger in this very virtue. We haven't found any reviews in the usual places. Myrdal's unsettling study An American Dilemma was published in 1944, and the questions it raised about . The Negro, he felt "has always been interested rather in expression than in action; interested in life itself rather than in its reconstruction or reformation. Both, it might be said, went about solving the Negro problem without defining the nature of the problem beyond its economic and narrowly political aspects. The most striking example of this failure is to be seen in the New Deal Administrations perpetuation of a Jim Crow Army, and the shamefaced support of it given by the Communists. Ethnic Americans: A history of immigration. 2001. In order to deal with this problem the North did four things: it promoted Negro education in the South; it controlled his economic and political destiny, or allowed the South to do so; it built Booker T. Washington into a national spokesman of Negroes with Tuskegee Institute as his seat of power; and it organized social science as an instrumentality to sanction its methods. Cox put forward that racism was in fact a system designed by the ruling political class to maintain control over the proletariat, of whatever color, by distracting them from the exploitation brought on by upper-class whites and discouraging class unity across color lines. . And if the end of the slave system created for this science the pragmatic problem of adjusting our society to include the new citizens, the compromise between the Northern and Southern ruling classes created the moral problem which Myrdal terms the American Dilemma. . However, the date of retrieval is often important. Unfortunately, Myrdal was too optimistic, as legal segregation did not end until the Southern civil rights movement won its major victories in the 1960s. In Equality: An American Dilemma, 1866-1886, Charles Postel demonstrates how taking stock of these movements forces us to rethink some of the central myths of American history. Myrdals epic study has framed racial discourse for more than half a century. [2], Myrdal, writing before the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, alleged that northern whites were generally ignorant of the situation facing Negro citizens, and noted that "to get publicity is of the highest strategic importance to the Negro people". 2002. It argued that critically implicit in that creed which Myrdal called America's. If Myrdal has done nothing else, he has used his science to discredit all of the vicious non-scientific nonsense that has cluttered our sociological literature. In other words, blacks opportunities to transcend their relatively low standard of living were limited or cut off by white discrimination, while at the same time the low standard of living imposed on black Americans led to a host of negative outcomes such as poverty, low levels of education, and health problems, which whites pointed to as justification for continued discrimination. An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy, Volume 1. An American dilemma: The Negro problem and modern democracy. It was during this period that some of the most scientifically valid concepts for understanding the Negro were advanced. Wilson, J. 1.3 Theoretical Perspectives in Sociology, 2.2 Stages in the Sociological Research Process, 2.4 Ethical Issues in Sociological Research, 2.5 Sociological Research in the Service of Society, 3.1 Culture and the Sociological Perspective, 4.4 Socialization Through the Life Course, 4.5 Resocialization and Total Institutions, 4.6 Socialization Practices and Improving Society, 5.1 Social Structure: The Building Blocks of Social Life, 6.4 Groups, Organizations, and Social Change, 7.1 Social Control and the Relativity of Deviance. English. Perhaps the wisest attitude for democrats is not to deplore the ambiguous element of democratic writings but to seek to understand them. Americans in 193840 and wrote An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (1944). Rather, the dilemma with which America wrestlesand has wrestled for centuriesis how best to reconcile the practical morality of American capitalism with the ideal morality of the American Creed (Ellison 1973, p. 83). A Common Destiny: Blacks and American Society. Educational Policy 8 (1): 3-27. Sincerity is not a quality that one expects of political parties, not even revolutionary ones. This two volume survey, undertaken through the Carnegie Corporation, should stand as long-range background material on the Negro in America. SOURCES American dilemma: the Negro problem and modern democracy by Myrdal, Gunnar. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. But here at home, as we have shown, it was only the Southern ruling class that showed a similar skill for psychology and ideological manipulation. Indeed, two of the appendices were issued as a separate work given their importance for systematic theory in social research. (It will perhaps pain many to see these names in juxtaposition.) Du Bois, W. E. B. Joyce A. Ladner, 81-95. Certainly it would be unfair to expect Dr. Myrdal to see what Negro scholars and most American social scientists have failed to see. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. He argued that schools are the great levelers in American democracy, providing equal opportunity for all regardless of race, gender, ethnicity, region, or class origins. Not because he might be overawed by its broad comprehensiveness; nor because of the sense of alienation and embarrassment that the book might arouse by reminding him that it is necessary in our democracy for a European scientist to affirm the American Negros humanity; not even because it is an implied criticism of his own Negro social scientists failure to define the problem as clearly. During the 1850s, mobs beat and sometimes killed Catholics in cities such as Baltimore and New Orleans. An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy is a 1944 study of race relations authored by Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal and funded by Carnegie Corporation of New York. . It is then that this study might be used for less democratic purposes. And while we disagree with Myrdals assumption that the psychological barrier between black and white workers is relatively rigid--their co-operation in unions and war plants disproves this--he has done the Left a service in pointing out that there is a psychological problem which, in this country, requires special attention. In Gunnar Myrdal Americans in 1938-40 and wrote An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy (1944). A country of strangers: Blacks and whites in America. 2003. (Original work published 1903). 2d 354, 361 (Fla. 1957) (Terrell, C.J., concurring). [1], It sold over 100,000 copies and went through 25 printings before going into its second edition in 1965. In Equality: An American Dilemma, 1866-1886, Charles Postel demonstrates how taking stock of these movements forces us to rethink some of the central myths of American history. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. Myrdals stylistic method is admirable. This need was general, and if we look for a moment at those two groups--the left-wing parties and the New Deal--that showed the greatest concern with the Negro problem during the period between the Depression and the outbreak of the war, we are able to see how the need expressed itself. The Crisis: We Should Not Again Sacrifice Our Sons. Published in 1944, amid the massive destruction and racial genocide of World War II (1939-1945), An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy, by the Swedish economist and sociologist Gunnar Myrdal (1898-1987), not only challenged Americas democratic principles but also offered firm testament to their promise. Myrdal felt that given the choice, most whites, especially in the North, would side with their egalitarian ideals and that the breakdown of discrimination in one part of the labor market [would facilitate] a similar change in all other parts of it, or in other words, the vicious cycle [could] be reversed (p. 385). Systemic Racism: A Theory of Oppression. 2003; Farley and Allen 1989; Feagin 2006; Jaynes and Williams 1989; Kirschenman and Neckerman 1991; Massey and Denton 1993; Schumann et al. Whitewashing Race: The Myth of a Color-Blind Society. Following World War I, under the war-stimulated revival of democracy, there was a brief moment when the moral nature of the problem threatened to come alive in the minds of white Americans. Overview; View 24 Editions Details; Reviews Lists; Related Books; Publish Date. But for the most part, both New Deal and the official Left concentrated more upon the economic aspects of the problem--important though they were--than upon those points where economic and psychological pressures conflicted. Jaynes, Gerald D., and Robin M. Williams Jr. 1989. web pages And Lerner especially emphasized the technological and psychological nature of the problem, stressed the neutrality of techniques and suggested learning even from the Nazi, if necessary. Encyclopedia.com. The Left brought the world-view of Marxism into the Negro community, introduced new techniques of organization and struggle, and included the Negro in its program on a basis of equality. Blacks were not the only targets of native-born white mobs back then (Dinnerstein & Reimers, 2009). Massey, Douglas, and Nancy A. Denton. There was a vague recognition that the necessity of the economic base of American capitalism had become dislocated from its ideological superstructure. Assessment, Equity, and Diversity in Reforming Americas Schools. Myrdals study of the Negro is, in comparison with others, microscopic. But social science did not have the courage of its own research. He locates the Negro problem "in the heart of the [white] American . The Negro is, by natural disposition, neither an intellectual nor an idealist, like the Jew; nor a brooding introspective, like the East Indian; nor a pioneer and frontiersman, like the Anglo-Saxon. This creed emphasizes the ideals of individualism, civil liberties, and equality of opportunity. We are not Prepared for War: Our Dangers are Here Executive Order No. After all, like most of its predecessors An American Dilemma has a special social role. In our world, however, extremes quickly meet. In this work Myrdal presented his theory of cumulative causationthat is, of poverty creating poverty. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. The title of the book, 'An American Dilemma', refers to the moral . He had also to tell the South some unpleasant things about itself; he had to present facts unacceptable to certain reactionary sections of the capitalist class; and, in the words of Mr. Keppel, he had, "since the emotional factor affects Negroes no less than whites," to present his material in such a manner as not to "lessen the confidence of the Negroes in the United States.". race relations, published as An American Dilemma in 1944. Free shipping. In Myrdals assessment, given the interconnected relationship among these attributes and between blacks standard of living and white prejudice and discrimination against blacks, the welfare of individual black people and of blacks in the United States was at best in a state of unstable equilibrium. An American Dilemma, Volume 1: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. The challenge before the country now, as was the case in 1944, is Will America commit to change and to a new, more democratic future or will the country continue to cling to its heritage of racial exploitation and oppression? (Feagin 2006). But with all this he can only conclude that "the Negros entire life and, consequently, also his opinions on the Negro problem are, in the main, to be considered as secondary reactions to more primary pressures from the side of the dominant white majority.". An American Dilemma is testimonial to the man as well as the ideas he espoused. BIBLIOGRAPHY Myrdal also pointed out that two economic policies implemented by President Franklin D. Roosevelts administration inadvertently destroyed jobs for hundreds. It will take a deeper science than Myrdals--deep as that might be--to analyze what is happening among the masses of Negroes. Nella Larsen (189119, AMIRI BARAKA 1964 This cycle is further explained through Myrdals use of the theory of cumulative causation. Conversation-based seminars for collegial PD, one-day and multi-day seminars, graduate credit seminars (MA degree), online and in-person. SYNOPSIS Now, the task of reconciling moralities is usually the function of religion and philosophy, of art and psychoanalysis--all of which find myth-making indispensable. He argued that schools are the great levelers in American democracy, providing equal opportunity for all regardless of race, gender, ethnicity, region, or class origins. With only the least skilled and lowest-paid jobs available, he or she will be forced into what may be physically demanding work for little pay. An American Dilemma challenged the veracity of the American creed of equality, justice, and liberty for all. It also points to the real motivation for the work: An American Dilemma is the blueprint for a more effective exploitation of the Souths natural, industrial and human resources. Democracy in America. An American Dilemma: The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy. 8.4 Economic Inequality and Poverty in the United States, 9.1 The Nature and Extent of Global Stratification, 10.1 Racial and Ethnic Relations: An American Dilemma, 10.5 Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the United States, 10.6 Race and Ethnicity in the 21st Century, 11.4 Violence Against Women: Rape and Pornography, 11.5 The Benefits and Costs of Being Male, 12.1 Gerontology and the Concept of Aging, 12.2 The Perception and Experience of Aging, 12.4 Life Expectancy, Aging, and the Graying of Society, 12.5 Biological and Psychological Aspects of Aging, 13.1 Economic Development in Historical Perspective, 15.1 The Family in Cross-Cultural and Historical Perspectives, 15.2 Sociological Perspectives on the Family, 15.3 Family Patterns in the United States Today, 15.4 Changes and Issues Affecting American Families, 16.1 A Brief History of Education in the United States, 16.2 Sociological Perspectives on Education, 17.2 Religion in Historical and Cross-Cultural Perspective, 17.3 Sociological Perspectives on Religion, 17.6 Trends in Religious Belief and Activity, 18.1 Understanding Health, Medicine, and Society, 18.2 Health and Medicine in International Perspective, 18.3 Health and Illness in the United States, 18.4 Medicine and Health Care in the United States. 22.2 Public Sociology and Improving Society. An American Dream, a 1965 novel by Norman Mailer; An American Dream, a 1966 drama film based on the novel; Norman Rockwell's World. His argument hinged on what he referred to as two mutually reinforcing variables, white prejudice and blacks low plane of living, which he believed to interact in a vicious cycle, a situation in which a negative factor is both cause and effect of one or more other negative factors. At worst, Myrdals treatise represented a propaganda piece designed to reinforce class exploitation by framing racism as simply a moral problem. In this landmark effort to understand African American people in the New World, Gunnar Myrdal provides deep insight into the contradictions of American democracy as well as a study of a people within a people. For if any of the attributes of a black persons life were to improve, the other attributes would be expected to improve as well, and white prejudice would more than likely decrease as its justification vanished. The positive contributions of Dr. Park and those men connected with him are well established. 1989. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. It is rewarding to trace the connection between social science and the Negro a bit further. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. He seems rather to exist in the nightmarish fantasy of the white American mind as a phantom that the white mind seeks unceasingly, by means both crude and subtle, to lay. Not that we expect the Left to have resource to the funds--some $300,000--that went into the preparation of this elaborate study. [1][3] Myrdal claims that it is the "American Creed" that keeps the diverse melting pot of the United States together. Publisher. The Effects of Atomic Bombs on Hiroshima and Nagas D-Day Statement to the Allied Expeditionary Force, Documents in Detail: The Pacificus-Helvidius Debates, Manzanar: Excerpt from Born Free and Equal, Check out our collection of primary source readers. Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders. 2 vols. On the level playing field of fair, open competition, merit would determine who won societys choicest prizesprestigious jobs, high salaries, fine homes, the good life. And when it was economically expedient to change plans it has been able to do so. New York, NY: Atlantic Monthly Press. And let us make no easy distinctions here between Northern and Southern social scientists; both groups used their graphs, charts and other paraphernalia to prove the Negros biological, psychological, intellectual and moral inferiority; one group to justify the Souths exploitation of Negroes and the other to justify the Norths refusal to do anything basic about it. 'An American Dilemma' is testimonial to the man as well as the ideas he espoused. on the Internet. What he knew about constitutional law we are not told nor have we been able to learn.[4], American Marxist historian Herbert Aptheker wrote a booklet titled The Negro People in America: A Critique of Gunnar Myrdals An American Dilemma arguing the work contained "numerous and serious misstatements of fact" and was "based upon a fallacious philosophic concept. In the chapter titled The Negro Community as a Pathological Form of the American Community, Myrdal argued that the African American community and its culture are essentially distorted developments or pathological conditions of the general American community and culture. Hawkins v. Board of Control, 93 So. Race and Social Problems, 1, 311. 1993. Book Source: Digital Library of India Item 2015.226478, dc.contributor.author: Gunnar Myrdaldc.date.accessioned: 2015-07-10T15:35:08Zdc.date.available: 2015-07-10T15:35:08Zdc.date.digitalpublicationdate: 2007-05-24dc.date.citation: 1944dc.identifier.barcode: 5990010121838dc.identifier.origpath: /rawdataupload/upload/0121/840dc.identifier.copyno: 1dc.identifier.uri: http://www.new.dli.ernet.in/handle/2015/226478dc.description.scanningcentre: IIIT, Allahabaddc.description.main: 1dc.description.tagged: 0dc.description.totalpages: 1545dc.format.mimetype: application/pdfdc.language.iso: Englishdc.publisher: Happer And Brothers Publishers New Yorkdc.rights: In Public Domaindc.source.library: University Of Allahabaddc.subject.classification: Generalitiesdc.subject.classification: Literaturedc.subject.keywords: Human Naturedc.subject.keywords: Distinctions in American Lawdc.title: An American Dilemmadc.type: Print-Paperdc.type: Book, Uploaded by African Americans obviously also have a history of maltreatment that began during the colonial period, when Africans were forcibly transported from their homelands to be sold and abused as slaves in the Americas. (2009). Tocqueville, A. How free is free? New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Men have made a way of life in caves and upon cliffs, why cannot Negroes have made a life upon the horns of the white mans dilemma? Brown, Michael, et al. Usually when the condition of Negroes is discussed we get a Morality Play explanation in which the North is given the role of Good and the South that of Evil. This is a dilemma that goes beyond the black/white issues of Myrdals time. He argued that such an approach to the dilemma of racism in the United States fails to take into account the material interests that sustain racism and may have the effect of a powerful piece of propaganda in favor of the status quo (p. 538). 1944 study of race relations authored by Swedish economist Gunnar Myrdal. Nazi racism in the 1930s and 1940s helped awaken Americans to the evils of prejudice in their own country. Learn more about how Pressbooks supports open publishing practices. //]]>. Myrdal proves this no idle Negro fancy. This landmark effort to understand African-American people in the New World provides deep insight into the contradictions of American democracy as well as a study of a people within a people. Nonblacks (Myrdal, 1944, pp. Within its far more rigid framework the New Deal moved in the same democratic direction. Writers ranging from Earl Browder, through Max Lerner, to the New Deal Braintrusters had a lot to say about it. The foundation chose Myrdal because it thought that as a non-American, he could offer a more unbiased opinion. "American Dilemma Free shipping for many products! In his words, the objective of an educational campaign is to minimize prejudiceor, at least, to bring the conflict between prejudice and ideals out into the open and to force the white citizen to take his choice (Myrdal 1944, pp. Shipler, D. K. (1997). What is needed are Negroes to take it and create of it "the uncreated consciousness of their race." 1944. 11211122). If you have ever wondered why, as an American, you are constantly required to reconcile opposites, "see both sides" of moral issues, or been frustrated by political . An American Dilemma The Negro Problem and Modern Democracy, Volume 1 By Gunnar Myrdal Copyright 1996 Paperback $51.96 Hardback $160.00 eBook $51.96 ISBN 9781560008569 812 Pages Published January 30, 1995 by Routledge Free Shipping (6-12 Business Days) shipping options $64.95 USD $51.96 Add to Cart Request eBook Inspection Copy Add to Wish List Want to create or adapt books like this? The resulting physical and mental stress and poverty is likely to lead to high levels of anxiety, a poor diet, and inadequate health care, all of which can be devastating for his or her health. During the 1830s, white mobs attacked African Americans in cities throughout the nation, including Philadelphia, Cincinnati, Buffalo, and Pittsburgh. In presenting his findings he uses the American ethos brilliantly to disarm all American social groupings, by appealing to their stake in the American Creed, and to locate the psychological barriers between them. The book was published during World War II, when the dilemma was vividly on . Annual Message to Congress (1941): The Four Freedo Executive Order 8802--Prohibition of Discriminatio West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, Radio Address Upon Returning to the Philippines. Winfield, Linda F., and Michael D. Woodard. Encyclopedia.com. Much of Negro culture might be negative, but there is also much of great value, of richness, which, because it has been secreted by living and has made their lives more meaningful, Negroes will not willingly disregard. (1999). And in this, American sociological literature rivals all three: its mythmaking consisting of its "scientific" justification of anti-democratic and unscientific racial attitudes and practices. The Carnegie-Myrdal Study of the Negro in America Research Memoranda Collection, contains the exhaustive output of a stellar team of social scientists who worked with Myrdal to study "the Negro problem" on behalf of Carnegie Corporation of New York; most of whom did so with little to no public recognition. The title of the book, An American Dilemma, refers to the moral contradiction of a nation torn between allegiance to its highest ideals and awareness of the base realities of racial discrimination. In an interdependent system of dynamic causation there is no "primary cause" but everything is cause to everything else. Hundreds of Mexicans were attacked and/or lynched in California and Texas during this period. Nor can they live in a state of "reacting." On the one hand, enshrined in the American creed is the belief that people are created equal and have human rights; on the other hand, blacks, as one tenth of the population, were treated as an inferior race and were denied numerous civil and political rights. New York, NY: Harper and Brothers. But he also uses it to deny the existence of an American class struggle, and with facile economy it allows him to avoid admitting that actually there exist two American moralities, kept in balance by social science. For Myrdal and his collaborators, the central dilemma was the unresolved tension of the "American creed"the celebration of ideals of equal opportunity and democracy . How much did you learn in high school about the history of race and ethnicity in the United States? An American Dilemma: A Review 1944 Ralph Ellison Victory in Europe May 08, 1945 Winston Churchill Sinews of Peace (Iron Curtain) March 05, 1946 Winston Churchill Declaration of Honorary Citizen of United States o. April 09, 1963 John F. Kennedy Religion "The Four Freedoms" January 06, 1941 Franklin D. Roosevelt As a primarily moral argument for addressing racism, it is on these grounds that Myrdals work is often criticized. Until the Depression the industrial and social isolationism of the South was felt to offer the broadest possibility for business exploitation. Perhaps it took the rise of fascism to free American social science of its timidity. Retrieved April 12, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/american-dilemma. . Some of the insights are brilliant, especially those through which he demonstrated how many Negro personality traits, said to be "innate," are socially conditioned--even to types of Negro laughter and vocal intonation. First, Myrdal had to delve into those areas of the American mind most charged with emotion; he had to question his hosts motivation and present his findings in such a way that his hosts would not be too offended. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. The Yankee Problem: An American Dilemma (The Wilson Files) $13.49. The resulting book, An American Dilemma, published in 1944, was cited in the Supreme Court's 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education, which ended "separate but equal" education for black children; it also served as a moral wake-up call prior to the civil rights movement. In Negro culture there is much of value for America as a whole. During the Abolitionist period the moral nature of the Negro problem was generally recognized. Check nearby libraries. [1], At the center of Myrdal's work in An American Dilemma was his postulate that political and social interaction in the United States is shaped by an "American Creed". (New York: Harper and Brothers. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. The whole setting is dramatic. Schumann, Howard, Charlotte Steeh, and Lawrence Bobo. Gunnar Myrdals An American Dilemma is not an easy book for an American Negro to review. American Negroes have benefited greatly from their research; and some of the most brilliant of Negro scholars have been connected with them. That is, how can a system that is inherently exploitative be accommodated within the rhetoric of equality? Danger in this very virtue correct in pointing to an American Dilemma: the Problem! Problem `` in the United States it would be unfair to expect Dr. to..., Equity, and equality of opportunity numbers and retrieval dates broadest possibility for business exploitation 1930s and helped. D. 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Diversity in Reforming Americas Schools the man as well as the ideas he espoused beyond the black/white issues Myrdals... Correct in pointing to an American Dilemma in 1944 editors will review an american dilemma youve and... And went through 25 printings before going into its second edition in 1965 racism as simply moral. Parties, not even revolutionary ones has been able to learn bibliography or cited... Science of its timidity what he knew about constitutional law we are Prepared! Of their long-range intentions, on the practical level they are guided not by humanism so much as expediencies.