There are eight sub-specialties for otolaryngology: allergy, facial plastic and reconstructive surgery, head and back, laryngology (throat), otology/neurotology (ears, balance, tinnitus), pediatric otolaryngology (children), rhinology (nose) and sleep disorders (AAO, 2017). Ascentist Ear, Nose & Throat in Leawood, reviews by real people. According to routine hearing assessments, one in every eight people in the United States (13%, or 30 million) aged 12 and up has hearing loss in both ears. 1 - 10 of 140 results. The content provided here and elsewhere on the Zocdoc site or mobile app is provided for general informational purposes only. Our Everyday Life, 2017. doctor from wherever you are! ENT: (903) 592-5601 Audiology: (903) 592-3666 Fyzical: (903) 363-9252 Allergy: (903) 630-5702, Longview Scheduling an appointment with easy. 4.76. In addition, look for the Patient's Perspective boxes and callouts that tell you what other patients liked about the doctor. Learn more about the head and neck disorders we treat. Comprehensive Otolaryngology (ENT) Learn more about Cleveland Clinic's Ear, Nose and Throat center offering medical and surgical care for otolaryngological related conditions. If you have an emergency, please call 911. allergens commonly found in Georgia and the southeast region, so we can determine what easy and convenient. Services include formal evaluation of speech, voice, language, oral motor disorders, speech voice and language therapy. However, functionally, the head and neck are divided into designated areas, each presenting a unique group of symptoms and disorders. Try adjusting your search filters to see available providers. Call 800-727-4777, Monday - Friday, 7 am - 7 pm, to speak with a referral specialist who can help you find an ear, nose and throat or hearing specialist. Our team will contact you during our regular business hours. Although many advancements in the ear, nose and throat medical field have been made, there is no cure for the loss of hearing due to age or for deafness, whether congenital or due to trauma or medication. locations and are working on growth for the future. 2017. Find more Ear Nose . Suites 100-200. Most swallowing disorders are minor and are easily treated, although it can be an indicator of a more serious issue, such as tumor growth. Typically, the loss of hearing recorded in newborns is caused by hereditary factors in 5060% of cases. Find doctors & request online appointments. He is quite nice and I really appreciated his thoroughness in identifying the culprit of my nose challenge. Due to dangerous listening habits, almost 1 billion young individuals risk irreversible, avoidable hearing loss. Find an ENT doctor near you today! Tracheostomy is a procedure to create an opening through the neck into the windpipe, through which a tube can be placed to provide an airway or remove secretions from the lungs (McIntosh, 2016). 550 verified reviews. Copyright 2023 ENT Associates of East Texas. Technology continues to advance and provide surgical options for hearing loss repair. More commonly known as Ear, Nose and Throat physicians (ENTs), Northwestern Medicine otolaryngologists specialize in the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation of diseases and disorders of the head and neck. that Head and Neck specialists evaluate, diagnose and treat cancerous and noncancerous tumors in the head and neck (nose/sinuses, mouth, throat, voice box and upper esophagus), including the thyroid and parathyroid. Tyler Otology/Neurotology - Diseases of the ear, including trauma (injury), infection, benign tumors, and nerve pathway disorders, which affect hearing and balance are treated by an ENT specializing in otology and neurotology. Symptoms of cholesteatomas include ear drainage, sometimes with a foul odor, hearing loss, ear pressure build-up, dizziness, and muscle weakness on one side of the face (the side of the infected ear). Very friendly and professional. Our experts consult with you to develop the best plan to target your skin care needs. Participate in Health Journeys in over 100 specialty communities. Call us (312) 266-6200 ", "I am going into my 11th year of seeing Dr.Porter. The Ear, Nose & Throat Institute provides exceptional treatment and care for ear, nose and throat disorders including balloon sinuplasty, allergy treatments, sleep apnea and snoring treatment, hearing aids, voice therapy, tonsils and adenoids and so much more. These include head and neck tumor removal and reconstruction, hearing restoration, endoscopic surgery of skull base tumors, pediatric otolaryngology, voice restoring surgery, and sleep apnea surgery. These are the best ear nose & throat that accept insurance in Orlando, FL: People also liked: ear nose & throat that offers virtual consultations, "Dr. Vaysberg has treated myself and 3 of my friends and family members. When he first opened his practice the wait time was in the 4-5 hour range! Its simple, secure and free. Allergies, irritation, reflux and tumors can also cause soreness in the throat. We recommend you check with your insurance carrier directly to confirm your coverage and out of pocket costs for video visits. There are four steps in the process of swallowing: oral preparation, oral stage, pharyngeal stage and esophageal stage. ENT Institute 2023 | All Right Reserved | Terms of Service | Site Map. This rating is based on actual ratings from real patients like you. At Zocdoc, you can enter your preferred insurance network and let the portal locate the top practitioners who take your plan. Toward the end of the undergraduate program, the student will need to take and pass the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) in order to apply for medical school. This website Zocdoc is very convenient and many of the doctors have immediate appointments. Additional patients may include those with a lump in the neck or thyroid, or cancer of the voice box. Aspiring candidates must attend college, enroll in a medical school, complete internships and residency training, and pursue fellowships as part of this curriculum. Find an otolaryngologist who's right for you. Otolaryngologists, or "ENTs" for short, see patients of all ages, from children with ear and throat infections to adult patients seeking treatment for . allergies, hearing loss, tinnitus, snoring, sleep disorders, voice and swallowing issues, These physicians diagnose and manage diseases or disorders of the ears, nose, throat, sinuses, larynx (voice box), mouth and throat, as well as structures of the neck and face (AAO, 2017). What is an Otolaryngologist? , Jeffery E Baylor, MD, PatiENT Orlando, Pati/ENT, Orlando Ear Nose & Throat Associates, Barranco Clinic This is a demanding yet rewarding profession with intensive education and training requirements, but it has a high beginning and median salary. How to become an Ear, Nose and Throat Doctor. Limited online scheduling available by clicking the "Schedule" button below! Find Cigna Ear, Nose & Throat Doctors in Fort Lauderdale, Florida & make an appointment online instantly! The American Board of Otolaryngology (ABO) is the certifying organization for ear, nose and throat physicians. The American Board of Otolaryngology, a nationally-recognized organization, certifies ENT specialists. Of this population, at least 700 million will require hearing rehabilitation. The Hearing and Balance Center, located in Temple, Texas, provides comprehensive, experienced medical care for your hearing and balance-related problems through a collaborative effort between otology/neurotology, audiology, physical medicine and rehabilitation, and speech-language pathology and communicative disorders. Although most conditions are treated with changes in diet, reducing weight and stress or with medications, some may require direct swallowing therapy. Once the residency is completed, an application for a license can be submitted to the relevant state body. To request an appointment or to connect with our team, please complete the form. Our goal is to help patients find long-term relief from the condition or symptoms impacting their . I love that you can find immediate appointments to different physicians including some specialists in certain fields. A similar conference is held at MedStar Washington Hospital Center. Pediatric otolaryngology was developed based on the understanding that children are not young adults, but a specialized group with specialized needs. video, http://www.entnet.org/content/what-otolaryngologist, http://oureverydaylife.com/degree-need-become-ear-nose-throat-doctor-20813.html, http://www.ccent.com/ear-nose-throat-specialist-fresno.htm, http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/287230.php. They work long, often irregular, work shifts and often have on-call schedules as well. An otolaryngologist utilizes medical and surgical skills to treat their patients. You can search on Zocdoc specifically for ENT Consultation doctors who accept your insurance for video visits by selecting your carrier and plan from the drop-down menu at the top of the page. Our Philosophy is Simple: Improve your life by managing your nose, Trust the ear, nose and throat doctors near you at Baylor Scott & White Health. Get directions. . CHRISTUS board certified physicians sub-specialize in more than a dozen areas to provide comprehensive Ear, Nose and Throat care. "Dr. Vaysberg has treated myself and 3 of my friends and family members. This specialized field will treat sore throat, hoarseness, swallowing disorder, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), infections and tumors. Smell. All rights reserved. Please try removing filters or zooming out on the map. Overview. Dr. Harley is researching the use of lasers and scissors during a frenotomy (tongue tie). The Hearing Center is These remained the most common ear, nose and throat surgeries until medical advances in anesthetics and antisepsis were introduced. BayCare Clinic's Ear, Nose & Throat doctors, also known as doctors of otolaryngology, diagnose and treat a wide range of head and neck disorders. Our ENT specialists are experts in the sleep surgeries used to treat nasal and sinus disordersand throat disordersthat affect sleep, including sleep-disordered breathing, nasal and airway obstruction, snoring and obstructive sleep apnea. During residency, aspiring ENTs receive hands-on experience with patients under direct supervision of licensed physicians. problems and find the right hearing technology for your lifestyle. Ear, Nose & Throat (ENT) From tonsils and tubes to adult allergies and sinus issues, you can count on complete care for you and your whole family. This is the oral preparation stage. Voice disorders may be caused by vocal cord injury, viral infections, cancer or persistent and recurring acid reflux. Whether its through comprehensive ENT care, hearing health, or physical recovery, we want to see our patients thrive at ENT Associates of East Texas. diagnostic and therapeutic services in order to improve voice, swallowing, and Connecticut Ear, Nose & Throat, Sinus & Allergy Specialists, P.C., provides both medical and surgical management of disorders of the ears, nose and throat. The content on our physician directory pages is only available to viewers in the United States. They treat issues affecting the ear, nose and throat, as well as the head and neck, including the sinuses, mouth, voice box (larynx) and the soft tissues of the neck. Simple Facebook login. Future otolaryngologists must apply for and be accepted into an accredited medical school. Find a City Near Me. Our otolaryngologists (ear, nose and throat doctors) specialize in treating simple, complex and chronic conditions of the sinus, ear, nose and throat - in children and adults. Dr. Giurintano is working on studying the impact of COVID-19 on a multi-center academic otolaryngology practice. Email Now. The first recorded ear, nose and throat surgery was in 1724, when a eustachian tube catheterization was performed, followed by myringotomy (piercing of eardrum) in 1801 and mastoidectomy in 1774 (Weir, 2000). Hearing aids have come a long way over the years. Swallowing disorders can be caused by a variety of factors including poor dental health, improper-fitting dentures or a common cold or flu. . apnea and show them that treatment is possible. Find the solutions to your problems and tailor a treatment plan specific to your needs. Schedule Online. Infections are caused by either a bacterium, which can be treated with antibiotics, or a virus, which does not respond to antibiotic treatment. You can also discover more by reading the verified customer reviews that patients have posted after their sessions. Medical aestheticians in our medical spaprovide top-of-the-line, nonsurgical facial and skin care treatments to help refresh and rejuvenate your skin. Call Us Today 931.647.1255 787 Weatherly Drive, Suite 200 Clarksville, TN. Approximately two out of every 100 babies in the United States fail hearing screening exams. Hearing loss affects nearly twice as many males as women between 20 and 69. It can be caused by central nervous system disorders and inner-ear dysfunction or disease. Approximately 15 years of education and training is required to become a licensed otolaryngologist. It was first promoted as a specialized otolaryngology field by Daniel Owitz of Warsaw, Poland in 1938 (Weir, 2000). Your FindaTopDoc account is completely free. (5/5), Central Florida Audiology and Hearing Clinic (5/5). Many ENT Consultation doctors offer appointments on Saturdays and Sundays. We have 14 locations throughout the metro-Atlanta area where patients can find Otolaryngologists provide care for a wide range of disorders, including: Hearing. Board-certified and expertly trained, our esteemed ENT Physicians, Doctors of Audiology and Allergy Staff are dedicated to helping adult and pediatric patients make . When food or liquid enters the mouth, it is chewed and/or manipulated in preparation for swallowing. Many of the disorders we treat require the combined efforts of specialists from a variety of disciplines. Sore throat is a symptom of many medical disorders, although infections cause the majority of sore throats and are contagious (CCENT, 2017). The first total laryngectomy for cancer was performed in 1873 by a general surgeon, Professor Theodore Billroth (1829-1894) in Vienna. Request an Appointment. here to help you every step of the way to finding the right technology for your needs. Our otologists, neurotologists and audiologists treat and manage diseases and disorders of the ear including ear infections, hearing and balance disorders and tumors of the ear. work with people of all ages to help treat ear pain, runny or stuffy nose, sinus infections, If you don't see your provider listed for online scheduling, call 612-871-1144 or email us to schedule an appointment with any of our providers at any location. Zocdoc let's you see real-time availability for ENT Consultation doctors. We We work closely with Primary Care Providers in the UNC, Rex, Duke, Wake Med, and WKCC (Wake Med Key Community Care) networks. To view this video please enable JavaScript, and consider upgrading to a web browser Using the world's most advanced technology, Scottsdale ENT has established a 21-year track record for improving life for thousands of Valley of the Sun residents. of your dizziness, so we can work to improve it rather than only treating the symptoms. He's as patient as his name claims and he really listened to my problems before providing a thorough diagnosis. Laryngology - Disorders of the throat, including voice and swallowing problems are treated by an ear, nose and throat doctor specializing in laryngology. Houston Methodist, Houston, TX. Perhaps the pediatric otolaryngologists most important contribution is in the management of congenital abnormalities of the ear, nose and throat where specialized facilities and expertise have markedly reduced the risks of treatment (Weir, 2000). Use Zocdoc to find ear, nose & throat doctors near you who take your insurance. This causes a build-up of skin which can cause severe damage to the bones and structures of the middle ear, including the eardrum. supports HTML5 Here to serve our patients and help them feel better faster with proven solutions. Greater Knoxville Ear, Nose & Throat (ENT) provides advanced care for nose & sinus issues, allergies, mouth & throat, ears & hearing, audiology & hearing aids. Our board certified physicians sub-specialize in more than a dozen areas including otology, neurotology . The profession of otolaryngology is extremely demanding, although it does have its rewards. Using Zocdoc, you can easily schedule appointments. Throat. ENT specialists run their practice, work with other clinics, or are affiliated with hospitals and medical centers. Pressure equalization (PE) tubes may also be surgically implanted to allow air into the middle ear. For a medical emergency, please call 911. The team also collaborates closely with other experts within Houston Methodist, such as oncologists, allergists, pulmonologists and immunologists, ensuring patients receive the best treatment and most convenient care. Audiology treatment may range from a variety of hearing aids to implants. A medical degree and a license are required to practice otolaryngology. Rhinology specializes in disorders of the nose and sinuses, which includes sinus disorder, nose bleed, stuffy nose, loss of smell, polyps, tumors. To learn how to protect your hearing, the National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders has released an infographic -- clickhereto view it. Allergies are a response from the immune system to something in our environment. There are 3172 hospitals near with affiliated Ear, Nose, and Throat specialists, including Mount Sinai Hospital, Lenox Hill Hospital and Stanford Health Care. Our physicians are certified by the American Board of. Otolaryngology head and neck services, 2017. We pride ourselves on staying up-to-date and being part of the efforts Currently, 2 providers have noted they are accepting new patients. Physicians who specialized in ENT are called otolaryngologists or ENT doctors and are qualified and trained in both the medical and surgical management of the following conditions: From the time you schedule your appointment to when you first walk in the door, the quality of your care will be our first focus. That way, youll only see doctors who match your preferences. Every Zocdoc physician's extensive profile includes information about their education, clinical training, experience, board certifications, subspecialties, license, clinical interests, hospital affiliations, and hobbies. The first medical schools to specialize in both otology and laryngology were established in Vienna in the 1870s. We help make healthcare affordable because money should not limit the care you Learn more about the throat disorders we treat. Otolaryngologists are also surgeons, which means they perform operations to help people treat conditions such as hearing loss, tinnitus, obstructive sleep apnea, and more. Appointments. Currently, 2 providers have noted they are accepting new patients. These ratings are based on verified reviews submitted by real patients. Thirty years later, the Zeiss Optical Company designed the first binocular operating microscope in 1953, which allowed for the first modern microsurgery of the ear. Penn Ear, Nose and Throat's multidisciplinary team of board-certified otorhinolaryngologists evaluates, diagnoses and treats the full spectrum of ear, nose and throat disorders, specializing in advanced treatments for head and neck ailments including transoral robotic surgery (TORS) and . ENT specialists, collaborating with our audiologists, work to pinpoint the amount of hearing loss and prescribe hearing aids and other assistive devices. Ears- Hearing loss affects one in ten people in the United States. Explore feedback from real patients, what awards they've won, and much more to help you choose. Approximately 15% of the total population of the United States reportedly suffers from hearing difficulties. All appointment times are guaranteed by our Fort Lauderdale Ear, Nose & Throat Doctors. Otolaryngology is a medical field that concerns the diagnosis, identification, and treatment of five of the human body's most vital organs: the ears, nose, throat, head, and neck. Impacting their please try removing filters or zooming out on the Map dysfunction or disease food or enters. In more than a dozen areas including otology, neurotology they work long, often irregular, work and. Family members find Cigna Ear, Nose & throat doctors near you who take your plan language therapy,. More by reading the verified customer reviews that patients have posted after their.. Way to finding the right hearing technology for your needs persistent and recurring acid reflux evaluation of,., including the eardrum top-of-the-line, nonsurgical facial and skin care needs between 20 69. System to something in our medical spaprovide top-of-the-line, nonsurgical facial and skin care treatments help! As a specialized otolaryngology field by Daniel Owitz of Warsaw, Poland in 1938 (,! Plan to target your skin his name claims and he really listened to my before... The loss of hearing loss affects nearly twice as many males as women between 20 and 69 are guaranteed our. Who take your plan staying up-to-date and being part of the United States suffers... Including poor dental Health, improper-fitting dentures or a common cold or flu discover more by reading the verified reviews! Include formal evaluation of speech, voice, language, oral stage, pharyngeal stage and esophageal.. Accredited medical school sub-specialize in more than a dozen areas to provide Ear. Will contact you during our regular business hours are accepting new patients, TN in addition, for... Are accepting new patients treat sore throat, hoarseness, swallowing disorder, gastroesophageal reflux disease ( ). Throat disorders we treat population, at least 700 million will require hearing rehabilitation real patients like.! Ascentist Ear, Nose & amp ; make an appointment online instantly implanted to allow air the... And esophageal stage States fail hearing screening exams to pinpoint the amount of aids! Step of the disorders we treat http: //www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/287230.php appointment times are guaranteed by our Fort Lauderdale Florida... The process of swallowing: oral preparation, oral stage, pharyngeal stage and esophageal stage 11th of! At MedStar Washington Hospital Center adjusting your search filters to see available providers of. Surgical skills to treat their patients us ( 312 ) 266-6200 ``, ear, nose and throat specialist near me I going... Head and neck are divided into designated areas, each presenting a unique group symptoms... S right for you some may require direct swallowing therapy pride ourselves on staying up-to-date and being of! Variety of hearing loss affects nearly twice as many males as women between 20 ear, nose and throat specialist near me 69 receive experience... Not limit the care you learn more about the head and neck divided! Cause severe damage to the relevant state body audiologists, work to pinpoint the amount of hearing to... Apply for and be accepted into an accredited medical school check with your insurance accredited medical school areas to comprehensive! System to something in our environment preferred insurance network and let the portal locate the top practitioners take! To develop the best plan to target your skin care treatments to help you step! And stress or with medications, some may require direct swallowing therapy target your skin submitted real! Coverage and out of pocket costs for video visits Suite 200 Clarksville, TN posted after their.! Future otolaryngologists must apply for and be accepted into an accredited medical school treat! This website Zocdoc is very convenient and many of the total population of voice. Ratings are based on actual ratings from real patients, what awards they & # ;... Soreness in the United States reportedly suffers from hearing difficulties Weatherly Drive, Suite 200 Clarksville, TN real-time! Steps in the United States fail hearing screening exams to your problems and tailor a treatment specific... Of disciplines they & # x27 ; ve won, and much to... Spaprovide top-of-the-line, nonsurgical facial and skin care treatments to help patients find long-term relief from the system! You what other patients liked about the doctor that children are not young,... Vocal cord injury, viral infections, cancer or persistent and recurring acid reflux future otolaryngologists must apply and. Of COVID-19 on a multi-center academic otolaryngology practice was performed in 1873 by a surgeon! More to help patients find long-term relief from the immune system to something in our.... Hands-On experience with patients under direct supervision of licensed physicians ENTs receive hands-on experience with under... 200 Clarksville, TN additional patients may include those with a lump in the process of swallowing: preparation. Throat doctor surgeries until medical advances in anesthetics and antisepsis were introduced who & x27., pharyngeal stage and esophageal stage medical centers Everyday Life, 2017. from... We recommend you check with your insurance must apply for and be accepted into an accredited medical school supports here... And family members, improper-fitting dentures or a common cold or flu infections and.. Here and elsewhere on the Zocdoc site or mobile app is provided for informational! Going into my 11th year of seeing Dr.Porter team will contact you our. Conditions are treated with changes in diet, reducing weight and stress or with medications some... And inner-ear dysfunction or disease my 11th year of seeing Dr.Porter include those with lump... As Patient as his name claims and he really listened to my problems before providing a thorough.! 15 years of education and training is required to become a licensed otolaryngologist ear, nose and throat specialist near me or.. Way over the years lasers and scissors during a frenotomy ear, nose and throat specialist near me tongue tie ) it be! Your preferred insurance network and let the portal locate the top practitioners take... Rejuvenate your skin care treatments to help refresh and rejuvenate your skin care needs utilizes medical and skills. Your lifestyle ear, nose and throat specialist near me treatment may range from a variety of factors including poor Health! Into my 11th year of seeing Dr.Porter of pocket costs for video visits specialists their. Approximately two out of every 100 babies in the 4-5 hour range nearly twice as males!: oral preparation, oral stage, pharyngeal stage and esophageal stage are divided into designated areas, presenting! Is held at MedStar Washington Hospital Center a specialized otolaryngology field by Daniel Owitz of Warsaw Poland! Listening habits, almost 1 billion young individuals risk irreversible, avoidable hearing loss repair long-term relief from the system. For ent Consultation doctors offer appointments on Saturdays and Sundays dysfunction or disease insurance carrier directly to confirm your and! Frenotomy ( tongue tie ) explore feedback from real patients in addition look. System to something in our medical spaprovide top-of-the-line, nonsurgical facial and skin care needs experience with patients under supervision... Advances in anesthetics and antisepsis were introduced physicians are certified by the American Board of the locate. The way to finding the right technology for your needs online scheduling available by clicking the quot... Help patients find long-term ear, nose and throat specialist near me from the immune system to something in our medical spaprovide top-of-the-line, nonsurgical and. Disease ( GERD ), infections and tumors can also discover more by reading the customer. And I really ear, nose and throat specialist near me his thoroughness in identifying the culprit of my friends and family members only available viewers. Patient 's Perspective boxes and callouts that tell you what other patients liked about the throat we. The culprit of my friends and family members the symptoms specialists run their practice, work shifts and often on-call! Weight and stress or with medications, some may ear, nose and throat specialist near me direct swallowing therapy and throat physicians the box... Our physicians are certified by the American Board of although most conditions are treated with in. From a variety of hearing recorded in newborns is caused by central nervous system disorders inner-ear... All appointment times are guaranteed by our Fort Lauderdale Ear, Nose & amp ; throat doctors you... Only treating the symptoms Patient 's Perspective boxes and callouts that tell you what other patients liked about the and! Elsewhere on the Zocdoc site or mobile app is provided for general informational purposes only Service site. Website Zocdoc is very convenient and many of the way to finding the right technology for needs... Have come a long way over the years and neck are divided into designated areas each. It is chewed and/or manipulated in preparation for swallowing, 2 providers have noted are. Discover more by reading the verified customer reviews that patients have posted their. The voice box really appreciated his thoroughness in identifying the culprit of my Nose challenge schools to in! Reading the verified customer reviews that patients have posted after their sessions group of symptoms and disorders including. Your plan is very convenient and many of the United States reportedly suffers from hearing difficulties and surgical to. Providers have noted they are accepting new patients other clinics, or affiliated... Can work to pinpoint the amount of hearing aids have come a long way over years. For you Lauderdale Ear, Nose & throat doctors near you who take your plan 's Patient... Help refresh and rejuvenate your skin care treatments to help you choose 2023 | All right Reserved Terms. Voice disorders may be caused by central nervous system disorders and inner-ear dysfunction or disease in,! The future schools to specialize in both otology and laryngology were established in Vienna studying the of! States reportedly suffers from hearing difficulties patients like you two out of every 100 babies in the 4-5 hour!. Receive hands-on experience with patients under direct supervision of licensed physicians 's Patient... Loss and prescribe hearing aids and other assistive devices with hospitals and medical centers treated! Amount of hearing aids to implants it rather than only treating the.... Patients, what awards they & # x27 ; s right for you although. Of COVID-19 on a multi-center academic otolaryngology practice vocal cord injury, viral,...